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Technical Specifications
Product Overview
Metallurgical Characteristics
D3 tool steel exhibits a complex microstructure consisting of a martensitic matrix with uniformly distributed chromium carbides (M7C3 and M23C6). The high carbon content (2.0-2.35%) combined with significant chromium addition (11-13%) provides exceptional wear resistance through hard carbide formation. The air-hardening characteristics eliminate the need for oil quenching, reducing distortion and cracking risks in complex tool geometries.
Heat Treatment Process
MetalZenith employs controlled atmosphere hardening at 980-1020°C followed by air cooling to achieve optimal hardness. Sub-zero treatment at -80°C is applied to minimize retained austenite content below 5%. Double tempering at 150-200°C ensures dimensional stability and stress relief while maintaining hardness levels of 58-62 HRC for maximum tool performance.
Advanced Manufacturing Process
Our production process begins with vacuum induction melting to ensure chemical homogeneity and minimize inclusions. Electroslag remelting further refines the microstructure and eliminates segregation. Controlled forging with precise temperature monitoring optimizes grain flow and carbide distribution. Final machining and grinding operations maintain tight dimensional tolerances critical for precision tooling applications.
Specialized Quality Testing
MetalZenith implements comprehensive testing protocols including Rockwell hardness distribution mapping across the entire cross-section, X-ray diffraction analysis for retained austenite quantification (target <5%), metallographic examination of carbide size and distribution uniformity, and rotating beam fatigue testing at 10^7 cycles. Dimensional stability testing under thermal cycling conditions ensures predictable performance in precision applications.
Application-Specific Technical Considerations
For cutting tool applications, D3's high wear resistance and edge retention make it ideal for blanking and forming operations on hard materials. In die manufacturing, the air-hardening characteristics minimize distortion in complex geometries. For bearing applications, the uniform carbide distribution provides consistent wear patterns and extended service life. In precision machinery, the dimensional stability after heat treatment ensures tight tolerances. For automotive components, the combination of hardness and toughness provides reliable performance under cyclic loading conditions.
🧪 Chemical Composition
| Element | Composition (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 2.00 - 2.35 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 11.00 - 13.00 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.15 - 0.45 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.10 - 0.60 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.030 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.030 |
| Vanadium (V) | ≤ 1.00 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | ≤ 1.00 |
⚙️ Mechanical Properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Hardness (HRC) | 58 - 62 |
| Compressive Strength (MPa) | ≥ 2800 |
| Impact Toughness (J) | 15 - 25 |
| Wear Resistance Index | 8.5 - 9.2 |
| Hardenability (mm) | 75 - 100 |
| Fatigue Strength (MPa) | ≥ 850 |
🔬 Physical Properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Density (g/cm3) | 7.70 |
| Melting Point (°C) | 1420 - 1460 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | 20.5 |
| Thermal Expansion (×10??/K) | 10.8 |
| Elastic Modulus (GPa) | 210 |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.27 - 0.30 |
📏 Product Specifications
| Specification | Details |
|---|---|
| Available Forms | Rounds, Flats, Squares, Plates, Custom Forgings |
| Diameter Range | 10 - 500mm |
| Thickness Range | 5 - 200mm |
| Length Range | 100 - 6000mm |
| Standards Compliance | ASTM A681, DIN 1.2080, JIS SKD1 |
| Heat Treatment Condition | Annealed, Hardened & Tempered |
| Surface Finish | Hot Rolled, Cold Drawn, Precision Ground |
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Our Advantages in Processing D3 Tool Steel
Advanced Vacuum Melting Technology
MetalZenith utilizes state-of-the-art vacuum induction melting followed by electroslag remelting to achieve superior cleanliness and homogeneous carbide distribution. Our controlled forging process with precise temperature monitoring ensures optimal grain flow and eliminates segregation, resulting in consistent mechanical properties throughout the material cross-section.
Comprehensive Tool Steel Testing
Our specialized testing protocols include Rockwell hardness mapping across the entire cross-section, X-ray diffraction analysis for residual austenite content measurement, metallographic examination of carbide distribution uniformity, and rotating beam fatigue testing. These advanced quality control measures ensure optimal performance in demanding tooling applications.
Custom Heat Treatment Services
MetalZenith offers tailored heat treatment solutions including vacuum hardening, sub-zero treatment, and precision tempering with computer-controlled atmosphere furnaces. Our metallurgical engineers provide technical support for application-specific hardness requirements and dimensional stability optimization, ensuring maximum tool life and performance.
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