413 Stainless Steel: Properties and Key Applications
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Table Of Content
Table Of Content
413 Stainless Steel is classified as a martensitic stainless steel, known for its high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and ability to be hardened through heat treatment. The primary alloying elements in 413 stainless steel include chromium (Cr), which provides corrosion resistance and hardness, and nickel (Ni), which enhances toughness and ductility. The typical composition also includes carbon (C), which contributes to strength and hardness, and manganese (Mn) for improved hardenability.
Comprehensive Overview
413 stainless steel is characterized by its excellent mechanical properties, including high tensile strength and good wear resistance, making it suitable for applications requiring durability and strength. Its inherent properties include:
- High Strength: The martensitic structure allows for significant hardness and strength, especially after heat treatment.
- Moderate Corrosion Resistance: While not as corrosion-resistant as austenitic grades, 413 offers decent resistance to atmospheric corrosion and some mild chemicals.
- Good Fabricability: It can be easily machined and welded, although care must be taken to avoid cracking.
Advantages (Pros):
- High strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for structural applications.
- Can be heat-treated to achieve desired hardness levels.
- Good machinability compared to other stainless steels.
Limitations (Cons):
- Lower corrosion resistance compared to austenitic stainless steels.
- Susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in certain environments.
- Requires careful heat treatment to avoid brittleness.
Historically, 413 stainless steel has been utilized in various engineering applications, particularly in the automotive and aerospace industries, where strength and weight are critical factors. Its market position is well-established, with a balance of performance and cost-effectiveness.
Alternative Names, Standards, and Equivalents
| Standard Organization | Designation/Grade | Country/Region of Origin | Notes/Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| UNS | S41300 | USA | Closest equivalent to AISI 413 |
| AISI/SAE | 413 | USA | Commonly used designation |
| ASTM | A276 | USA | Standard specification for stainless steel bars |
| EN | 1.4000 | Europe | Minor compositional differences |
| JIS | SUS 413 | Japan | Similar properties but may vary in composition |
The differences between these equivalent grades can affect selection based on specific application requirements, such as corrosion resistance or mechanical properties. For instance, while UNS S41300 and AISI 413 are closely related, slight variations in carbon content can influence hardenability and toughness.
Key Properties
Chemical Composition
| Element (Symbol and Name) | Percentage Range (%) |
|---|---|
| C (Carbon) | 0.10 - 0.15 |
| Cr (Chromium) | 12.0 - 14.0 |
| Ni (Nickel) | 0.50 - 1.00 |
| Mn (Manganese) | 0.50 - 1.00 |
| Si (Silicon) | 0.50 max |
| P (Phosphorus) | 0.04 max |
| S (Sulfur) | 0.03 max |
The primary role of chromium in 413 stainless steel is to enhance corrosion resistance and hardness. Nickel contributes to toughness and ductility, while carbon increases strength and hardness. Manganese aids in hardenability, ensuring that the steel can achieve desired mechanical properties through heat treatment.
Mechanical Properties
| Property | Condition/Temper | Typical Value/Range (Metric - SI Units) | Typical Value/Range (Imperial Units) | Reference Standard for Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | Annealed | 620 - 850 MPa | 90 - 123 ksi | ASTM E8 |
| Yield Strength (0.2% offset) | Annealed | 450 - 600 MPa | 65 - 87 ksi | ASTM E8 |
| Elongation | Annealed | 10 - 15% | 10 - 15% | ASTM E8 |
| Hardness (Rockwell C) | Annealed | 30 - 40 HRC | 30 - 40 HRC | ASTM E18 |
| Impact Strength (Charpy) | -196°C | 30 J | 22 ft-lbf | ASTM E23 |
The combination of high tensile and yield strength makes 413 stainless steel suitable for applications involving significant mechanical loading, such as in structural components and machinery parts. Its ability to maintain strength at elevated temperatures further enhances its utility in demanding environments.
Physical Properties
| Property | Condition/Temperature | Value (Metric - SI Units) | Value (Imperial Units) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | - | 7.75 g/cm³ | 0.28 lb/in³ |
| Melting Point | - | 1425 - 1540 °C | 2600 - 2800 °F |
| Thermal Conductivity | 20 °C | 25 W/m·K | 14.5 BTU·in/h·ft²·°F |
| Specific Heat Capacity | - | 500 J/kg·K | 0.12 BTU/lb·°F |
| Electrical Resistivity | - | 0.73 µΩ·m | 0.73 µΩ·in |
The density of 413 stainless steel contributes to its strength and durability, while its thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are important for applications involving heat transfer. The electrical resistivity indicates its suitability for certain electrical applications, although it is not primarily used for electrical conductivity.
Corrosion Resistance
| Corrosive Agent | Concentration (%) | Temperature (°C/°F) | Resistance Rating | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorides | 3% | 25 °C / 77 °F | Fair | Risk of pitting |
| Sulfuric Acid | 10% | 20 °C / 68 °F | Poor | Not recommended |
| Acetic Acid | 5% | 25 °C / 77 °F | Good | Moderate resistance |
| Atmospheric | - | - | Good | General corrosion resistance |
413 stainless steel exhibits moderate resistance to corrosion, particularly in atmospheric environments. However, it is susceptible to pitting corrosion in chloride-rich environments and should be avoided in applications involving strong acids like sulfuric acid. Compared to austenitic grades like 304 or 316, 413 has lower corrosion resistance but offers higher strength.
Heat Resistance
| Property/Limit | Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°F) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Max Continuous Service Temp | 400 °C | 752 °F | Suitable for prolonged exposure |
| Max Intermittent Service Temp | 600 °C | 1112 °F | Short-term exposure |
| Scaling Temperature | 800 °C | 1472 °F | Risk of oxidation at higher temperatures |
At elevated temperatures, 413 stainless steel maintains its strength and hardness, although oxidation can occur if exposed for extended periods. The material's performance at high temperatures makes it suitable for applications in heat exchangers and exhaust systems.
Fabrication Properties
Weldability
| Welding Process | Recommended Filler Metal (AWS Classification) | Typical Shielding Gas/Flux | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| TIG | ER413 | Argon | Preheat recommended |
| MIG | ER413 | Argon/CO2 mix | Post-weld heat treatment may be required |
413 stainless steel can be welded using standard techniques, although preheating is often recommended to avoid cracking. Post-weld heat treatment can help relieve stresses and improve toughness.
Machinability
| Machining Parameter | 413 Stainless Steel | AISI 1212 | Notes/Tips |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relative Machinability Index | 70 | 100 | Moderate machinability |
| Typical Cutting Speed (Turning) | 30 m/min | 50 m/min | Use carbide tools for best results |
Machinability is moderate, and using appropriate tooling and cutting speeds is essential to achieve optimal results. Challenges may include work hardening and tool wear.
Formability
413 stainless steel exhibits limited formability due to its high strength. Cold forming is possible but may require significant force, while hot forming is more feasible. The material's work hardening can affect bend radii and forming processes.
Heat Treatment
| Treatment Process | Temperature Range (°C/°F) | Typical Soaking Time | Cooling Method | Primary Purpose / Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annealing | 800 - 900 °C / 1472 - 1652 °F | 1 - 2 hours | Air or water | Reduce hardness, improve ductility |
| Hardening | 1000 - 1100 °C / 1832 - 2012 °F | 30 minutes | Oil or air | Increase hardness and strength |
| Tempering | 400 - 600 °C / 752 - 1112 °F | 1 hour | Air | Reduce brittleness, improve toughness |
Heat treatment processes significantly impact the microstructure and properties of 413 stainless steel. Annealing softens the material, while hardening increases strength. Tempering is crucial to balance hardness and toughness.
Typical Applications and End Uses
| Industry/Sector | Specific Application Example | Key Steel Properties Utilized in this Application | Reason for Selection (Brief) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automotive | Engine components | High strength, wear resistance | Durability under stress |
| Aerospace | Landing gear | High strength-to-weight ratio | Critical structural integrity |
| Oil & Gas | Pump shafts | Corrosion resistance, strength | Performance in harsh environments |
| Tooling | Cutting tools | Hardness, wear resistance | Longevity and performance |
Other applications include:
- Marine hardware: Due to its moderate corrosion resistance.
- Fasteners: Where strength is critical.
- Valves and fittings: In various industrial applications.
413 stainless steel is chosen for these applications due to its unique combination of strength, hardness, and moderate corrosion resistance, making it suitable for demanding environments.
Important Considerations, Selection Criteria, and Further Insights
| Feature/Property | 413 Stainless Steel | AISI 304 | AISI 316 | Brief Pro/Con or Trade-off Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key Mechanical Property | High strength | Moderate | Moderate | 413 offers superior strength |
| Key Corrosion Aspect | Moderate | Excellent | Excellent | 413 is less corrosion-resistant |
| Weldability | Good | Excellent | Good | 413 requires preheating |
| Machinability | Moderate | Good | Moderate | 413 is harder to machine |
| Formability | Limited | Good | Good | 413 is less formable |
| Approx. Relative Cost | Moderate | Higher | Higher | 413 is cost-effective for strength |
| Typical Availability | Common | Common | Common | All grades are widely available |
When selecting 413 stainless steel, considerations include cost-effectiveness, availability, and specific application requirements. Its unique properties make it suitable for applications where strength is paramount, while its limitations in corrosion resistance must be accounted for in environments prone to aggressive corrosion.
In summary, 413 stainless steel is a versatile material that balances strength, machinability, and moderate corrosion resistance, making it a popular choice in various engineering applications.