10Cr15CoMoV Steel: Properties and Key Applications
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Table Of Content
Table Of Content
10Cr15CoMoV steel is a high-performance alloy steel primarily classified as a medium-carbon alloy steel. This steel grade is known for its unique combination of alloying elements, which include chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). These elements significantly enhance the steel's mechanical properties, making it suitable for demanding applications in various industries.
Comprehensive Overview
10Cr15CoMoV steel is characterized by its excellent hardenability, high strength, and good toughness, particularly at elevated temperatures. The primary alloying elements contribute to its overall performance:
- Chromium (Cr): Enhances hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance.
- Cobalt (Co): Improves high-temperature strength and stability.
- Molybdenum (Mo): Increases hardenability and resistance to wear.
- Vanadium (V): Refines grain structure, enhancing toughness and strength.
The advantages of 10Cr15CoMoV steel include its high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent wear resistance, and good fatigue strength, making it ideal for applications such as turbine components, high-performance gears, and other critical structural components. However, it also has limitations, including lower weldability compared to other steels and potential brittleness in certain conditions.
Historically, this steel grade has been significant in aerospace and automotive applications, where performance and reliability are paramount. Its market position is relatively specialized, catering to high-end applications rather than general-purpose use.
Alternative Names, Standards, and Equivalents
| Standard Organization | Designation/Grade | Country/Region of Origin | Notes/Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| UNS | S41000 | USA | Closest equivalent to 10Cr15CoMoV |
| AISI/SAE | 410 | USA | Minor compositional differences |
| ASTM | A240 | USA | Standard specification for chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications |
| EN | 1.4006 | Europe | Similar properties but may vary in composition |
| JIS | SUS410 | Japan | Equivalent with slight variations in performance characteristics |
The differences between these grades can affect selection based on specific application requirements, such as corrosion resistance, hardness, and weldability.
Key Properties
Chemical Composition
| Element (Symbol and Name) | Percentage Range (%) |
|---|---|
| C (Carbon) | 0.10 - 0.15 |
| Cr (Chromium) | 14.00 - 16.00 |
| Co (Cobalt) | 1.00 - 2.00 |
| Mo (Molybdenum) | 0.50 - 1.00 |
| V (Vanadium) | 0.10 - 0.30 |
| Mn (Manganese) | 0.30 - 0.60 |
| Si (Silicon) | 0.20 - 0.50 |
| P (Phosphorus) | ≤ 0.025 |
| S (Sulfur) | ≤ 0.025 |
The primary roles of key alloying elements in 10Cr15CoMoV steel are as follows:
- Chromium: Provides corrosion resistance and enhances hardness.
- Cobalt: Improves high-temperature performance and stability.
- Molybdenum: Increases hardenability and wear resistance.
- Vanadium: Refines grain structure, enhancing toughness and strength.
Mechanical Properties
| Property | Condition/Temper | Typical Value/Range (Metric - SI Units) | Typical Value/Range (Imperial Units) | Reference Standard for Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | Quenched & Tempered | 800 - 1100 MPa | 1160 - 1600 ksi | ASTM E8 |
| Yield Strength (0.2% offset) | Quenched & Tempered | 600 - 900 MPa | 870 - 1300 ksi | ASTM E8 |
| Elongation | Quenched & Tempered | 10 - 15% | 10 - 15% | ASTM E8 |
| Hardness | Quenched & Tempered | 30 - 40 HRC | 30 - 40 HRC | ASTM E18 |
| Impact Strength | - | 30 - 50 J (at -20°C) | 22 - 37 ft-lbf (at -4°F) | ASTM E23 |
The combination of these mechanical properties makes 10Cr15CoMoV steel suitable for applications requiring high strength and toughness, particularly under dynamic loading conditions.
Physical Properties
| Property | Condition/Temperature | Value (Metric - SI Units) | Value (Imperial Units) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | - | 7.85 g/cm³ | 0.284 lb/in³ |
| Melting Point | - | 1450 - 1500 °C | 2642 - 2732 °F |
| Thermal Conductivity | 20 °C | 25 W/m·K | 14.5 BTU·in/h·ft²·°F |
| Specific Heat Capacity | 20 °C | 0.46 kJ/kg·K | 0.11 BTU/lb·°F |
| Electrical Resistivity | 20 °C | 0.7 μΩ·m | 0.0000007 Ω·m |
Key physical properties such as density and thermal conductivity are crucial for applications in high-temperature environments, where weight and heat dissipation are critical factors.
Corrosion Resistance
| Corrosive Agent | Concentration (%) | Temperature (°C/°F) | Resistance Rating | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorides | 3-5 | 25 °C / 77 °F | Fair | Risk of pitting |
| Sulfuric Acid | 10 | 50 °C / 122 °F | Poor | Not recommended |
| Sea Water | - | 25 °C / 77 °F | Good | Moderate resistance |
10Cr15CoMoV steel exhibits fair resistance to chlorides but is susceptible to pitting corrosion in saline environments. Its performance in sulfuric acid is poor, making it unsuitable for applications involving strong acids. Compared to other grades like AISI 316, which offers better corrosion resistance, 10Cr15CoMoV is less favorable in highly corrosive environments.
Heat Resistance
| Property/Limit | Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°F) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Max Continuous Service Temp | 600 °C | 1112 °F | Suitable for high-temperature applications |
| Max Intermittent Service Temp | 650 °C | 1202 °F | Short-term exposure only |
| Scaling Temperature | 700 °C | 1292 °F | Risk of oxidation beyond this limit |
At elevated temperatures, 10Cr15CoMoV steel maintains its strength and hardness, making it suitable for applications such as turbine blades and high-performance engine components. However, oxidation can become a concern at temperatures above 700 °C.
Fabrication Properties
Weldability
| Welding Process | Recommended Filler Metal (AWS Classification) | Typical Shielding Gas/Flux | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| TIG | ERCoCr-A | Argon | Preheat recommended |
| MIG | ER70S-6 | Argon/CO2 | Requires post-weld heat treatment |
10Cr15CoMoV steel is generally challenging to weld due to its high carbon content and alloying elements. Preheating and post-weld heat treatment are often necessary to prevent cracking and ensure weld integrity.
Machinability
| Machining Parameter | 10Cr15CoMoV | AISI 1212 | Notes/Tips |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relative Machinability Index | 60% | 100% | Requires high-speed tooling |
| Typical Cutting Speed | 30 m/min | 60 m/min | Adjust for tool wear |
Machinability is moderate, requiring careful selection of cutting tools and parameters to achieve optimal results.
Formability
10Cr15CoMoV steel exhibits limited formability due to its high strength and hardness. Cold forming is possible but may require significant force, while hot forming is preferred to reduce the risk of cracking.
Heat Treatment
| Treatment Process | Temperature Range (°C/°F) | Typical Soaking Time | Cooling Method | Primary Purpose / Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annealing | 700 - 800 °C / 1292 - 1472 °F | 1 - 2 hours | Air | Softening, improved machinability |
| Quenching | 1000 - 1100 °C / 1832 - 2012 °F | 30 minutes | Oil/Water | Hardening, increased strength |
| Tempering | 500 - 600 °C / 932 - 1112 °F | 1 hour | Air | Reducing brittleness, improving toughness |
The heat treatment processes significantly alter the microstructure of 10Cr15CoMoV steel, enhancing its mechanical properties and making it suitable for high-stress applications.
Typical Applications and End Uses
| Industry/Sector | Specific Application Example | Key Steel Properties Utilized in this Application | Reason for Selection (Brief) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerospace | Turbine components | High strength, fatigue resistance | Critical for performance |
| Automotive | High-performance gears | Wear resistance, toughness | Essential for durability |
| Oil & Gas | Drill bits | Hardness, corrosion resistance | Required for harsh environments |
Other applications include:
- High-speed cutting tools
- Structural components in high-stress environments
- Components in nuclear reactors
10Cr15CoMoV steel is chosen for these applications due to its superior mechanical properties, which ensure reliability and performance under extreme conditions.
Important Considerations, Selection Criteria, and Further Insights
| Feature/Property | 10Cr15CoMoV | AISI 4140 | AISI 316 | Brief Pro/Con or Trade-off Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key Mechanical Property | High strength | Moderate | Moderate | 10Cr15CoMoV excels in strength |
| Key Corrosion Aspect | Fair | Good | Excellent | 10Cr15CoMoV is less corrosion-resistant |
| Weldability | Poor | Good | Good | 10Cr15CoMoV requires special care |
| Machinability | Moderate | Good | Fair | 10Cr15CoMoV needs high-speed tooling |
| Formability | Limited | Good | Good | 10Cr15CoMoV is less formable |
| Approx. Relative Cost | High | Moderate | High | Cost varies with market demand |
| Typical Availability | Specialized | Common | Common | 10Cr15CoMoV is less readily available |
When selecting 10Cr15CoMoV steel, considerations include its cost-effectiveness for high-performance applications, availability, and specific mechanical requirements. Its unique properties make it suitable for niche applications where performance is critical, despite its challenges in welding and formability.
In summary, 10Cr15CoMoV steel is a high-performance alloy that excels in applications requiring strength, toughness, and wear resistance. Its unique composition and properties make it a valuable choice in demanding environments, although careful consideration must be given to its limitations in fabrication and corrosion resistance.